Normal blood glucose: Fasting 70-100 mg dl; Following glucose load: <140 mg/dl

Pre-diabetes

Hyperglycemia not sufficient to meet the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) 100 – 125 mg/dl

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) 140 -199 mg/dl (after 75 gm glucose load)

Both basal hyperglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia can increase HbA1c and cardiovascular complications

Types of diabetes mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: beta cell deficiency

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: beta cell defect + insulin resistance

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

ADA 1997, WHO 1999 – Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus

Symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia and unexplained weight loss) and casual plasma glucose > 200 mg/dl

Fasting (no calorie intake for 8 hours) plasma glucose > 126 mg/dl

2 hour post prandial plasma glucose > 200 mg / dl

Hemoglobin A1c is the gold standard for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

1. Incretin pathway and diabetes mellitus
2. Metabolic memory in diabetes mellitus
3. Starling’s curve of the pancreas
4. Adverse effects of corticosteroids