Febrile seizures refers to seizures caused by an elevated body temperature. It usually occurs in children between the age of 6 months to 6 years. It is caused by a rapid rise in body temperature rather than prolonged fever.  The exact mechanism by which fever causes seizures is not known. But there are various theories put forward to explain it.
One theory states that respiratory alkalosis which accompanies fever is the cause for seizures. Fever can cause hyperventilation especially in children. This causes increase in the pH within the brain. The …

Ten classes of antidiabetic drugs:
1. Biguanides: e.g. Metformin
2. Glinides: e.g. Repaglinide, Nateglinide
3. Sulfonylureas: e.g. Glibenclamide, Glimiperide
4. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose, Voglibose
5. Thiazolidinediones: e.g. Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone
6. Incretin mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics): Exenatide
7. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-IV): Sitagliptin
8. Amylin analogs: e.g. Pramlintide
9. Bile acid sequestrants: e.g. Colesevelam
10. Insulin

Pseudotumor cerebri – also known as benign intracranial hypertension / idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition characterised by increase in the intracranial tension in the absence of any intracranial mass lesion.
Etiology:

The exact etiology of benign intracranial hypertension is not known
Since it is seen  more in women in the childbearing age, it has been suggested that some hormonal changes may be involved in it’s pathogenesis
It is usually associated with recent weight gain

Pathogenesis

There is increase in intracranial tension
Signs of increased intracranial tension such as papilloedema appear
The clinical picture is similar to that …

Menmonic – Very Sick People Must Take Double Tablets
This is decoded as follows:
Fever with rash appearing on (approximately)

Day 1 – Varicella
Day 2 – Scarlet Fever
Day 3 – Small Pox
Day 4 – Measles
Day 5 – Typhus
Day 6 – Dengue
Day 7 – Typhoid

It refers to the decrease in the systolic blood pressure by more than 10mm Hg during inspiration
Seen in

cardiac tamponade
constrictive pericarditis
obstructive pulmonary disease

The reason for the decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration is explained in this article : Inspiratory decrease in systolic blood pressure and pulse volume – Mechanism
Mechanism of pulsus paradoxus:

In cardiac tamponade

Tense fluid in the pericardial sac impairs ventricular filling
Also, the negative intrathoracic pressure is not well transmitted to the pericardial sac
Fall in pulmonary venous pressure is more than the fall in left atrial pressure
Hence filling of the …

The systolic blood pressure and pulse volume decreases during the inspiratory phase of respiration.
Mechanism

During inspiration there is increased venous return (due to negative intrathoracic pressure)
right ventricles expands more
interventricular septum is pushed to the left side (Reverse  Bernheim effect)
This decreases the left ventricular volume
Also the pooling of blood in the pulmonary circulation occurs, decreasing amount of blood reaching left ventricle

This causes decrease in stroke volume of left ventricle, thus decreasing the systolic blood pressure. The maximum decrease in blood pressure that is considered normal is 10 mm Hg. If the decrease …

Compromise of the left ventricular filling due to bulging of the interventricular septum into the left ventricle
Can occur due to

Physiologically during inspiration due to increased filling of the right ventricle (because of increased venous return)
pulmonary embolism

Right ventricular failure occurring due to the mechanical obstruction caused by the bulging of the ventricular septum into the right ventricle
First described by Bernheim in 1910
Can occur due to

hypertrophy of the ventricular septum (as in aortic stenosis)
septal aneurysm (following infarction)

Chest X-ray showing a mass lesion in the left upper and middle zones
(Click the above image to view an enlarged version)

Substance which prevents excess accumulation of fat in the liver.
e.g.: choline, lipocaic, inositol