Ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes
(Click on image for an enlarged view – Image by Nephron)

Type of hepatocyte death
Form of apoptosis
Seen in hepatocytes infected with certain viruses
characterised by increase in cell size (ballooning) with wispy/cobweb like cytoplasm, cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknotic nucleus

Diabetes mellitus – several papillae affected, all of same stage, rarely calcify
Analgesic nephropathy – almost all papillae affected, different stage of necrosis,calcification frequent
Sickle cell disease – few papillae affected, rarely calcify
Obstruction – variable number of papillae affected, calcification frequent

Skin test to detect sarcoidosis
Intracutaneous injection of spleen extract of patient with sarcoidosis (Kveim antigen)
Positive result – granulomas found 4-6 weeks later
False negative – corticosteroid therapy
Risk of transmission of diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy- hence not done nowadays
Named after norwegian pathologist Morten Ansgar Kveim

Also called:

Nickerson Kveim reaction
Kveim Nickerson skin test

Karyotyping is a method for studying the chromosomes of an organizm. Karyotype is a standardised arrangement of metaphasic chromosomes that have been photographed and arranged in the order of decreasing length. The cell division is arrested in metaphase by using inhibitors of spindle formation like colchicine and stained. Different techniques for staining are available to identify the individual chromosomes eg. staining with Giemsa (G bandng). G banding shows alternating dark and light bands in the chromosome. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) can be easily identified using …

Hyaline change is a homogenous glassy pink appearance in the histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. It can be due to intracellular accumulation of certain substances as in Russel bodies (multiple myeloma), Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease), re-absorption droplets (kidney). Extra cellular hyaline change can be seen in walls of the arterioles in long standing hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This is due to extravasated plasma protein and deposition of basement membrane material.

The commonly used anticoagulants are: heparin, citrate, oxalate, EDTA. Citrate is used for the storage of blood. Heparin is for taking blood samples for ABG estimation. Oxalate and EDTA are used while collecting blood for investigation.

Infarcts can be classified into red (hemorarragic) white (anemic) infarcts as well as septic and bland infarcts. Red infarcts can occur in lungs while infarcts occur in the heart, kidney and spleen. Septic infarcts can occur when a vegetation of infective endocarditis embolises.

Fatty change is the accumulation of lipid droplets within the parenchymal cells. It usually occurs in the liver as the liver has great involvement in fat metabolism. Other organs in which fatty change can occur are the heart and muscle. Causes of fatty change may be hypoxia, exposure to toxins like carbon tetra chloride, obesity, protein malnutrition, diabetes mellitus. The most common cause of fatty change of liver is alcoholic fatty liver. Non alcoholic steatosis and non alcoholic steatohepatitis are being increasingly seen now a days. Accumulation of fat in …

It is a heterogenous group of conditions with cytopenias, hypercellular / dysplastic marrow and is a premalignant condition. Dyserythropoesis manifest as ring sideroblasts.
In MDS, there is decreased normal hemopoetic stem cells, proliferation of dyspoetic marrow cells, selective outgrowth of MDS cells and malignant transformation.
Most patients with MDS die of cytopenias than of leukemia. Transfusion dependence is also an important prognostic factor in MDS. Those who need more transfusions have a poorer prognosis.
5q deletion (5q minus) syndrome has been identified as an important factor in MDS, but this …

Hurthle cells or Askanazy cells seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.